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:''This article is about an explorer. For the priest, see Johannes Czerski (priest).'' Jan Stanisław Franciszek Czerski (3 May 184525 June 1892) was a Polish paleontologist (osteologist), geologist, geographer and explorer of Siberia. He was exiled to Transbaikalia for participation in the January Uprising of 1863.〔John J. Stephan, ''The Russian Far East: A History'', Stanford University Press, 1994, ISBN 0-8047-2701-5, (Google Print, p.315 )〕 A self-taught scientist, he eventually received three gold medals from the Russian Geographical Society, and his name was given to a settlement, two mountain ranges, several peaks and other places. He authored the first map of Lake Baikal and died during an expedition to Kolyma.〔 ==Biography== Son of Dominik and Xenia Czerski, a noble family (szlachta), he was born on 3 May 1845 in Swolna, then Vitebsk Governorate of the Russian Empire (now in Vitebsk Region, Belarus). At the age of 18, as a high-school student in Vilnius (at the ''Instytut Szlachecki'' (Noble Institution)) he took part in the January Uprising (1863–1864). He was captured and taken prisoner on 28 April 1863, and then stripped of his noble status, with his lands being repossessed by another family member loyal to the Russian government. Czerski was then forcibly conscripted into the Russian Army and exiled to Siberia (to Blagoveshchensk near Amur River) by the Russian authorities.〔 He never made it to Blagoveshchensk, and was detached to serve in a formation near Omsk. During that time he was taken in by some other Poles (Marczewski, Kwiatkowski) living in exile in Omsk region, as well as a Russian geographer, Grigory Nikolayevich Potanin. With their help he became interested in the natural history of the region. They provided him with literature on Siberia and natural sciences, and during his free time he self-educated himself and carried out his first research. After release from the army in 1869 he did not receive permission to return home, becoming a political exilee. He was refused entrance to university; his publications and his first attempt to enter the Russian Geographical Society were also rejected. For the next two years he was forced to work as a teacher in Omsk, as he was denied the right to leave the area. In 1871 he received permission to move to Irkutsk; there he meet other Polish exiles-turned-scholars, Aleksander Czekanowski and Benedykt Dybowski. With their help (Czekanowski is considered his mentor) he entered the Russian Geographical Society, got a job at a local museum and took part in several expeditions, gaining experience and prominence. He took part in expeditions to the Sayan Mountains, Irkut River Valley and Lower Tunguska River. During four expeditions (1877–1881) Czerski explored the valley of the Selenga river and published a study on Lake Baikal, explaining the origin of the lake and presenting the geological structure of East Siberia. Perhaps the most notable of these expeditions was the study of the geological structure of the coast of Lake Baikal. The result of this work was the first geological map of that coast, a map for which Czerski was decorated with a gold medal from the Russian Academy of Sciences (he received three in total during his career ()), as well as an international award in Bologna, Italy. In his later work Czerski put forward the idea of the development of a relief (1878) and offered one of the first analysis of the tectonics of central Asia (1886) and pioneered geomorphological evolution theory. In 1878 he married Marfa Pavlovna Ivanova, a native of Siberia. In 1883 he was pardoned by the Russian government, and later regained his noble status. He lived in Irkutsk until 1886, working in the east-Siberian department of the Russian Geographical Society. In 1886 he fell ill (progressing tuberculosis and even partial paralysis) and was allowed to move to Saint Petersburg, where he joined the St Petersburg Science Academy; nonetheless he took time during his travel from Irkutsk to Petersburg to carefully document the geological details of the route. During that period he was appointed head of an expedition exploring the Yana, Indigirka and Kolyma basins. He collected and cataloged over 2,500 ancient bones, publishing a large work on Quaternary Period mammals in 1888, followed by an even larger work on the Siberian mammals relics in 1891. He died in 25 June 1892 during an expedition to Kolyma, Yana and Indigirka Rivers. He was buried near the Omolon River. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Jan Czerski」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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